The following list is adapted from their work:
Immediacy: has it happened recently?
Familiarity: is it culturally close to us in Britain?
Amplitude: is it a big event or one which involves large numbers of people?
Frequency: does the event happen fairly regularly?
Unambiguity: is it clear and definite?
Predictability: did we expect it to happen?
Surprise: is it a rare or unexpected event?
Continuity: has this story already been defined as news?
Elite nations and people: which country has the event happened in? Does the story concern well-known people?
Negativity: is it bad news?
Balance: the story may be selected to balance other news, such as a human survival story to balance a number of stories concerning death.
1) Read Media Factsheet 76: News Values and complete the following questions/tasks.
2) Come up with a news story from the last 12 months for each of the categories suggested by Harriss, Leiter and Johnson:
- Conflict ; Donald Trump winning the American presidential election 2016
- Progress ; Andy Murray winning the tennis tournament
- Disaster ; Oklahoma shaken by strong earthquake causing 'significant' damage
- Consequence ;
- Prominence ; Prince Harry's relationship with Meghan Markle - the monarchy vs the media
- Novelty ;
The news story that the factsheet used was ' British servicewomen dies after Afghan bomb blast'. This news story illustrates to Galtung & Ruge's News Values because in the explanation in the factsheet as they do use key words such as continuity, predictable, unusual and unambiguity. As this coverage is online, it is likely to be seen by many people, as explained in the explanation that this particular story had 3,100,000 search engine results, this shows that it was high on the scale of news values for many institutions as well as being of interest to audience. This particular story can also be popular among the audience is because it meets to the Galtung and Ruge's news values, it meets to the audiences interests and attracts them in the way that they want to be attracted.
4) What is gatekeeping?
A gatekeeper is someone or people which go through a process through information which is 'filtered' so it right to be published or broadcasted for the viewers.
5) What are the six ways bias can be created in news?
Bias can be created in news through:
- selections and omission
- placement
- headlines
- photos, captions, and camera angles
- use of names and titles
- also by choice of words.
6) How have online sources such as Twitter, bloggers or Wikileaks changed the way news is selected and published?
Some critics argue that rise of e-media and the developments in technology are challenging the way of media institutions 'gatekeep' news. Some news that are posted on the online sources are not reliable and fake - this is the main reason it can be difficult for how news is selected and published.
7) Give an example of a news story from the last 12 months that was reported as a result of online technology - Twitter, Wikileaks or similar.
In the last 12 months, some critics argue that rise of e-media and the developments in technology are challenging the way of media institutions 'gatekeep' news. Some bloggers have high profiles on the internet, many are regarding as reliable sources of news. For example, one of the stories were that a blogger; Ana Marie Coz released exit poll results during Obama presidential election campaign - something the mainstream press wouldn't do as they think it can affect the outcome.
8) Complete the task on the last page of the Factsheet regarding Sky News and Twitter:
- What does this reveal about how Sky views Twitter as a news source?
Sky views Twitter as a reliable source, because they have been showing the latest news before any other news source. They would say it is efficient source as it provides already provides sky with the instant news instead of them doing their own research.
- What does it say about how news is being produced?
Social media can also be a powerful news source, audience themselves are providing the news (UGC) and news stories are always found by professional news institution or journalists. This shows that news can be broadcasted/produced anywhere and doesn't always need to be done by/through professionals.
- What role does the audience have in this process?
Citizen journalists, they are the news providers, they are becoming more active within these matters and is becoming a benefit for them but they're impacting the professionals job roles of professional journalist or news organisations broadcasting the news first to its audience and not the other way around.
- Why might this be a problem for journalistic standards?
It can be a problem for journalistic standards because it could be seen as citizen journalists are taking over their jobs already and they may decline as citizen journalists can exceed in the future as it already so popular.
9) In your opinion, how has new and digital media technology changed Galtung and Ruge’s news values?
New and digital media technology hasn't changed Galtung and Ruge's news values but have made a lot of impact. When looking at stories from the news or online, no audience really thinks about the news values expect the professionals. Audience watch news for their own interests and it keeps them informed, professionals i think in any platform of news would look at Galtung and Ruge's news values as 'techniques' to engaged and keep their audiences interested, it these news values are used by professionals then it would allow news to be noticed and hopefully still also allowing news to not decline on tv or other platforms such as online - newspapers in general are becoming to a decline but the reason of that is because of NDM.
10) How would you update them for 2016? Choose SIX of Galtung and Ruge's news values and say how each one has been affected by the growth of new and digital technology.
Immediacy : By viewing something current through social networking gets viral so quickly that many people would know about the news in matter of hours. An example of this is just yesterday another member was added to the Kardashian family, through a simply photo posted on Instagram, news channels, fans, even Snapchat stories straight way informed their audience. Immediacy in news allows people to always talk about something that has happened recently and keeps them interested.
Predictability: New and Digital media is something that is uncertain in terms of the content on it. On social media, things can be very known to audiences if they like it or hold interests in. Hashtags and 'most popular' is how things go vital, no body can predict how things it get so popular and how the latest things get out to the world but all of it depends on the audiences and how they react to it online.
Unambiguity : When news websites post new stories for their audiences, it needs to be clear for the audiences to understand what the news is about. With NDM comment section can allow audiences to help each other out and raise debates on what they think about the stories that is becoming told on the news websites - NDM allows a lot of interactivity with one and other and using comment sections can help news to be clear and definite, if news websites aren't themselves.
Continuity : Many news stories that are broadcasted they do have a regular update or a continuous story line, especially online. Audience would also keep talking about something until another big story comes up that holds their interests. For example, a recent shocking and disappointing results came through about the US presidential election 2016 - This will be definitely a on going talk on news and online, through professionals and users/audiences. Regular comments will be posted, 'memes' online have been already broadcasting online about this issue, since this is recent and a big matter it will be something that is always spoken about.
Negativity : Negative issues and stories have always been on show for the audiences, issues that are negative will be broadcasted more than positive news - negative news is always going to be something that attracts the audience. Positive news wouldn't have much impact to the audience than negative news, this is in both traditional news or online.
Balance : In any news, whether it is broadcasted on television, newspapers or online, they would always provide a balanced opinions on both sides of the story - this way it would cause less controversial discussions by the audiences. As Galtung and Ruge's news value explain to us that 'the story may be selected to balance other news, such as a human survival story to balance a number of stories concerning death' I don't think now through new digital media, this is the case and nor do they think about the balance in terms of what Galtung and Ruge's news values. News that is broadcasted online through news organisations or by audiences themselves consider of a balance stories, I think that would always be highlighted on traditional media instead.
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